Neuromodulation Therapies Progress for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Over the past two decades, neuromodulation for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) has evolved from a single approved therapy—vagus nerve stimulation—into a broader field that includes responsive neurostimulation, deep brain stimulation, less-invasive cortical stimulation and emerging optical, thermal, and sensing-enabled systems. Antiseizure medications remain the first-line treatment, but approximately one-third of people with epilepsy continue to experience seizures despite pharmacologic therapy, creating a substantial unmet clinical need.